traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous condition, associated with diverse etiology, clinical presentation and severity, and can lead to chronic neurobehavioral sequelae. The rapidly growing field of TBI biomarkers to address many aspects of TBI pathology and improve clinical management. recent years have witnessed a marked increase in the number of publications and interest in the role of extracellular vesicles (EV), which includes exosomes, cell signaling, immune responses, and as a biomarker in a number of pathologies.
Exosomes have defined lipid bilayer well with surface marker that reflects the cell of origin and essence of water containing various biological materials including proteins (eg, cytokines and growth factors) and nucleic acids (eg, microRNAs). The presence of proteins associated with neurodegenerative changes such as amyloid-β, α-synuclein and tau phosphorylated at exosomes suggests a role in the initiation and propagation of nerve disease. However, the mechanism of cell communication in the brain involving exosomes and their role in pathology TBI are poorly understood. Exosomes promising biomarker TBI because they can pass through the blood-brain barrier and can be isolated from peripheral fluids, including serum, saliva, sweat, and urine.
Exosomal content is protected from enzymatic degradation by the exosome membrane and reflects the internal environment of the cell of origin, offer insight into the specific pathological process of tissue. The challenge in clinical use as a biomarker exosomal cargo including difficulty in isolating exosomes pure isolation process variable results, quantification of vesicles, and the lack of specificity markers exosomal.
In addition, there is no consensus on the nomenclature and characteristics of subtypes EV. In this review, we discuss the current technical limitations and challenges of using exosomes and other EVs as blood-based biomarkers, highlighting their potential as diagnostic and prognostic tool in TBI.
Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury
MicroRNA-127-5p attenuates severe pneumonia with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1
Pneumonia is a persistent and pervasive diseases, the effects of which can be severe. MicroRNA (mir) -127-5p has been used as a new biomarker for the diagnosis of severe pneumonia. This study aims to determine the function of miR-127-5p for severe pneumonia. An in vitro model of severe pneumonia in Ana-1 murine macrophages were established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and ELISA performed to detect mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α. Western blotting was also performed to measure the activity of Akt and NF-kB.
The results showed that compared with the control group, LPS treatment increased by a factor 1 (TRAF1) associated TNF receptor expression levels and reduce the expression levels of miR-127-5p. Furthermore, the results revealed that the 3′-translated region of TRAF1 targeted by miR-127-5p. mir-127-5p rose mimic reduced LPS-induced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression by targeting TRAF1, potentially mediated by inactivation of AKT and NF-kB signaling pathway.
Rat Stomach PrimaCell: Normal Stomach Mucosa Epithelial Cells Growth Medium
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Our tissue products are produced by strictly following the IRB ethical standards and procedures and from highest quality tissues. Immediately after collection the tissues are placed in liquid nitrogen and examined by certified pathologists. The thickness of each individual section is ~5um. They are Hematoxylin and Eosin stained and quality tested by immunostaining with anti-beta-actin antibodies. Our tissue products are suitable for various studies on cellular level (RNA localization, Protein expression, etc.) on both normal and pathological cases. It is also an excellent control and educational tool.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Monkey (Cynomolgus) Normal Tissue: Stomach
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Frozen Tissue Section - Human Adult Normal: Stomach
Description: Our tissue products are produced by strictly following the IRB ethical standards and procedures and from highest quality tissues. Immediately after collection the tissues are placed in liquid nitrogen and examined by certified pathologists. The thickness of each individual section is ~5um. They are Hematoxylin and Eosin stained and quality tested by immunostaining with anti-beta-actin antibodies. Our tissue products are suitable for various studies on cellular level (RNA localization, Protein expression, etc.) on both normal and pathological cases. It is also an excellent control and educational tool.
Frozen Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Tissue: Stomach
Description: Our tissue products are produced by strictly following the IRB ethical standards and procedures and from highest quality tissues. Immediately after collection the tissues are placed in liquid nitrogen and examined by certified pathologists. The thickness of each individual section is ~5um. They are Hematoxylin and Eosin stained and quality tested by immunostaining with anti-beta-actin antibodies. Our tissue products are suitable for various studies on cellular level (RNA localization, Protein expression, etc.) on both normal and pathological cases. It is also an excellent control and educational tool.
Paraffin Tissue Section - Human Adult Normal: Stomach
Description: Our tissue products are produced by strictly following the IRB ethical standards and procedures and from highest quality tissues. Immediately after collection the tissues are placed in liquid nitrogen and examined by certified pathologists. The thickness of each individual section is ~5um. They are Hematoxylin and Eosin stained and quality tested by immunostaining with anti-beta-actin antibodies. Our tissue products are suitable for various studies on cellular level (RNA localization, Protein expression, etc.) on both normal and pathological cases. It is also an excellent control and educational tool.
CancerSeq? Plus Paraffin Tissue Tumor Sections: Stomach
Description: Our tissue products are produced by strictly following the IRB ethical standards and procedures and from highest quality tissues. Immediately after collection the tissues are placed in liquid nitrogen and examined by certified pathologists. The thickness of each individual section is ~5um. They are Hematoxylin and Eosin stained and quality tested by immunostaining with anti-beta-actin antibodies. Our tissue products are suitable for various studies on cellular level (RNA localization, Protein expression, etc.) on both normal and pathological cases. It is also an excellent control and educational tool.
Paraffin Tissue Section - Human Diabetic Tissue: Stomach
Description: Our tissue products are produced by strictly following the IRB ethical standards and procedures and from highest quality tissues. Immediately after collection the tissues are placed in liquid nitrogen and examined by certified pathologists. The thickness of each individual section is ~5um. They are Hematoxylin and Eosin stained and quality tested by immunostaining with anti-beta-actin antibodies. Our tissue products are suitable for various studies on cellular level (RNA localization, Protein expression, etc.) on both normal and pathological cases. It is also an excellent control and educational tool.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Human Adult Normal Tissue: Stomach: Corpus
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Human Adult Normal Tissue: Stomach: Fundus
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Human Adult Normal Tissue: Stomach: Pylorus
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Monkey (Rhesus) Normal Tissue: Stomach: Cardia
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Monkey (Rhesus) Normal Tissue: Stomach: Corpus
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Monkey (Rhesus) Normal Tissue: Stomach: Fundus
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
cDNA from Monkey (Rhesus) Normal Tissue: Stomach: Pylorus
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Total Protein from Human Adult Normal Tissue: Stomach
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Membrane Protein from Human Adult Normal Tissue: Stomach
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Total RNA from Monkey (Rhesus) Normal Tissue: Stomach
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Total RNA from Monkey (Cynomolgus) Normal Tissue: Stomach
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Human Cancer PrimaCell16: Stomach Tumor Cells Growth Medium
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Collectively, the results suggest that miR-127-5p may attenuate severe pneumonia by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines LPS-induced, and disable the AKT and NF-kB signaling pathway by targeting TRAF1.
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