traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous condition, associated with diverse etiology, clinical presentation and severity, and can lead to chronic neurobehavioral sequelae. The rapidly growing field of TBI biomarkers to address many aspects of TBI pathology and improve clinical management. recent years have witnessed a marked increase in the number of publications and interest in the role of extracellular vesicles (EV), which includes exosomes, cell signaling, immune responses, and as a biomarker in a number of pathologies.
Exosomes have defined lipid bilayer well with surface marker that reflects the cell of origin and essence of water containing various biological materials including proteins (eg, cytokines and growth factors) and nucleic acids (eg, microRNAs). The presence of proteins associated with neurodegenerative changes such as amyloid-β, α-synuclein and tau phosphorylated at exosomes suggests a role in the initiation and propagation of nerve disease. However, the mechanism of cell communication in the brain involving exosomes and their role in pathology TBI are poorly understood. Exosomes promising biomarker TBI because they can pass through the blood-brain barrier and can be isolated from peripheral fluids, including serum, saliva, sweat, and urine.
Exosomal content is protected from enzymatic degradation by the exosome membrane and reflects the internal environment of the cell of origin, offer insight into the specific pathological process of tissue. The challenge in clinical use as a biomarker exosomal cargo including difficulty in isolating exosomes pure isolation process variable results, quantification of vesicles, and the lack of specificity markers exosomal.
In addition, there is no consensus on the nomenclature and characteristics of subtypes EV. In this review, we discuss the current technical limitations and challenges of using exosomes and other EVs as blood-based biomarkers, highlighting their potential as diagnostic and prognostic tool in TBI.
Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury
MicroRNA-127-5p attenuates severe pneumonia with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1
Pneumonia is a persistent and pervasive diseases, the effects of which can be severe. MicroRNA (mir) -127-5p has been used as a new biomarker for the diagnosis of severe pneumonia. This study aims to determine the function of miR-127-5p for severe pneumonia. An in vitro model of severe pneumonia in Ana-1 murine macrophages were established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and ELISA performed to detect mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α. Western blotting was also performed to measure the activity of Akt and NF-kB.
The results showed that compared with the control group, LPS treatment increased by a factor 1 (TRAF1) associated TNF receptor expression levels and reduce the expression levels of miR-127-5p. Furthermore, the results revealed that the 3′-translated region of TRAF1 targeted by miR-127-5p. mir-127-5p rose mimic reduced LPS-induced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression by targeting TRAF1, potentially mediated by inactivation of AKT and NF-kB signaling pathway.
Description: Mouse Primary Cells from Gentaur are isolated from tissue of pathogen-free laboratory mice. Mouse Cells are grown in T25 tissue culture flasks pre-coated with gelatin-based solution for 0.5 hour and incubated in Gentaur's Cell Culture Medium generally for 3-7 days. Cultures are then expanded. Prior to shipping, cells are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 1x10^6 cells per ml and is delivered frozen.Mouse Cells are negative for bacteria, yeast, fungi, and mycoplasma. Repeated freezing and thawing of cells is not recommended.Standard biochemical procedures performed with cell cultures include RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry or generating cell derivatives for desired research applications.
Description: Mouse Primary Cells from Gentaur are isolated from tissue of pathogen-free laboratory mice. Mouse Cells are grown in T25 tissue culture flasks pre-coated with gelatin-based solution for 0.5 hour and incubated in Gentaur's Cell Culture Medium generally for 3-7 days. Cultures are then expanded. Prior to shipping, cells are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 1x10^6 cells per ml and is delivered frozen.Mouse Cells are negative for bacteria, yeast, fungi, and mycoplasma. Repeated freezing and thawing of cells is not recommended.Standard biochemical procedures performed with cell cultures include RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry or generating cell derivatives for desired research applications.
Mouse Stomach PrimaCell™: Normal Stomach Mucosa Epithelial Cells Growth Medium
Description: Mouse primary stomach cells (MPSTCs) are isolated from tissue of pathogen-free laboratory mice. Mouse primary stomach cells are grown in tissue culture plate pre-coated with 0.2% gelatin for 0.5 hour and incubated in Culture Complete Growth Medium generally for 3-7 days.Prior to shipping, cells are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 1x10^6 cells per ml and is delivered frozen.Mouse Cells are negative for bacteria, yeast, fungi, and mycoplasma. Repeated freezing and thawing of cells is not recommended.Standard biochemical procedures performed with cell cultures include RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry or generating cell derivatives for desired research applications.
Description: BALB/c Mouse Primary Stomach Epithelial Cells from Gentaur are isolated from tissue of pathogen-free laboratory mice. Mouse Primary Stomach Epithelial Cells are grown in T25 tissue culture flasks pre-coated with gelatin-based coating solution for 0.5 hour and incubated in Gentaur's Culture Complete Growth Medium for 3-7 days. Cells are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 1x10^6 cells per ml and is delivered frozen.Mouse Primary Stomach Epithelial Cells can be used in assays of cell to cell adhesion and migration. Standard biochemical procedures performed with epithelial cell cultures include RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescent staining or immunofluorescent flow cytometry or generating cell derivatives for desired research applications.
Description: C57BL/6 Mouse Primary Stomach Epithelial Cells from Gentaur are isolated from tissue of pathogen-free laboratory mice. Mouse Primary Stomach Epithelial Cells are grown in T25 tissue culture flasks pre-coated with gelatin-based coating solution for 0.5 hour and incubated in Gentaur's Culture Complete Growth Medium for 3-7 days. Cells are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 1x10^6 cells per ml and is delivered frozen.Mouse Primary Stomach Epithelial Cells can be used in assays of cell to cell adhesion and migration. Standard biochemical procedures performed with epithelial cell cultures include RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescent staining or immunofluorescent flow cytometry or generating cell derivatives for desired research applications.
Description: Mouse primary stomach epithelial cells (MPSTEpiCs) are isolated from tissue of pathogen-free laboratory mice. They are grown in T75 tissue culture flasks pre-coated with 0.2% gelatin for 1 hour and incubated in Culture Complete Growth Medium generally for 3-7 days.
Description: Stomach cancer and stomach tissue array, including pathology grade, TNM and clinical stage, with IHC result Her2, 140 cases/140 cores, replacing ST1401
Description: Mouse Stomach Smooth Muscle Cells from Gentaur are isolated from tissue of pathogen-free laboratory mice. Mouse Stomach Smooth Muscle Cells are grown in T25 tissue culture flasks pre-coated with gelatin-based solution for 0.5 hour and incubated in Gentaur's Cell Culture Medium generally for 3-7 days. Cultures are then expanded. Prior to shipping, cells are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 1x10^6 cells per ml and is delivered frozen.Mouse Stomach Smooth Muscle Cells are characterized by immunofluorescent cell staining with antibodies of α-smooth muscle actin and are negative for bacteria, yeast, fungi, and mycoplasma.Cells can be expanded on a multiwell culture plate ready for experiments under the cell culture conditions specified by Gentaur.Repeated freezing and thawing of cells is not recommended.Standard biochemical procedures performed with cell cultures include RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry or generating cell derivatives for desired research applications.
Description: Stomach tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 50 mM DTT.
Description: Stomach tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 50 mM DTT.
Description: Advanced stage of stomach cancer with stomach tissue array, including pathology grade, TNM and clinical stage (AJCC 7th edition), 95 cases/95 cores,replaced by ST963a
Stomach disease spectrum (stomach cancer progression) tissue array
Description: Stomach cancer with matched adjacent normal stomach tissue array, including pathology grade, TNM and clinical stage, 6cases/24cores, replacing ST244a
Description: Fetal human stomach tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization using a proprietary technique. The tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The fetal human stomach tissue total protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, Sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the stomach tissue pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The stomach tissue is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody, and the expression level is consistent with each lot.
Description: Stomach cancer tissue array with matched adjacent normal stomach tissue, including pathology grade, TNM and clinical stage, 40 cases/80 cores, replacing ST801a
Collectively, the results suggest that miR-127-5p may attenuate severe pneumonia by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines LPS-induced, and disable the AKT and NF-kB signaling pathway by targeting TRAF1.
Douglas
