traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous condition, associated with diverse etiology, clinical presentation and severity, and can lead to chronic neurobehavioral sequelae. The rapidly growing field of TBI biomarkers to address many aspects of TBI pathology and improve clinical management. recent years have witnessed a marked increase in the number of publications and interest in the role of extracellular vesicles (EV), which includes exosomes, cell signaling, immune responses, and as a biomarker in a number of pathologies.
Exosomes have defined lipid bilayer well with surface marker that reflects the cell of origin and essence of water containing various biological materials including proteins (eg, cytokines and growth factors) and nucleic acids (eg, microRNAs). The presence of proteins associated with neurodegenerative changes such as amyloid-β, α-synuclein and tau phosphorylated at exosomes suggests a role in the initiation and propagation of nerve disease. However, the mechanism of cell communication in the brain involving exosomes and their role in pathology TBI are poorly understood. Exosomes promising biomarker TBI because they can pass through the blood-brain barrier and can be isolated from peripheral fluids, including serum, saliva, sweat, and urine.
Exosomal content is protected from enzymatic degradation by the exosome membrane and reflects the internal environment of the cell of origin, offer insight into the specific pathological process of tissue. The challenge in clinical use as a biomarker exosomal cargo including difficulty in isolating exosomes pure isolation process variable results, quantification of vesicles, and the lack of specificity markers exosomal.
In addition, there is no consensus on the nomenclature and characteristics of subtypes EV. In this review, we discuss the current technical limitations and challenges of using exosomes and other EVs as blood-based biomarkers, highlighting their potential as diagnostic and prognostic tool in TBI.
Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury
MicroRNA-127-5p attenuates severe pneumonia with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1
Pneumonia is a persistent and pervasive diseases, the effects of which can be severe. MicroRNA (mir) -127-5p has been used as a new biomarker for the diagnosis of severe pneumonia. This study aims to determine the function of miR-127-5p for severe pneumonia. An in vitro model of severe pneumonia in Ana-1 murine macrophages were established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and ELISA performed to detect mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α. Western blotting was also performed to measure the activity of Akt and NF-kB.
The results showed that compared with the control group, LPS treatment increased by a factor 1 (TRAF1) associated TNF receptor expression levels and reduce the expression levels of miR-127-5p. Furthermore, the results revealed that the 3′-translated region of TRAF1 targeted by miR-127-5p. mir-127-5p rose mimic reduced LPS-induced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression by targeting TRAF1, potentially mediated by inactivation of AKT and NF-kB signaling pathway.
Description: Monkey (Rhesus) stomach-pylorus tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization using a proprietary technique. The tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The monkey (Rhesus) stomach-pylorus tissue total protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, Sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the stomach-pylorus tissue pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The stomach-pylorus tissue is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody, and the expression level is consistent with each lot.
Description: Fetal human stomach tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization using a proprietary technique. The tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The fetal human stomach tissue total protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, Sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the stomach tissue pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The stomach tissue is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody, and the expression level is consistent with each lot.
Description: Human stomach tissue membrane protein lysate was prepared by isolating the membrane protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. The human stomach tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The membrane protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the isolated stomach tissue membrane protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The isolated stomach tissue membrane protein is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody to confirm there is no signal or very weak signal.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Rat Stomach PrimaCell: Normal Stomach Mucosa Epithelial Cells Growth Medium
Description: Stomach tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 5% β-mercaptoethanol.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Human stomach tissue lysate was prepared by homogenization using a proprietary technique. The tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The human stomach tissue total protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, Sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the stomach tissue pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The stomach tissue is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody, and the expression level is consistent with each lot.
Description: Human stomach tissue membrane protein lysate was prepared by isolating the membrane protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. The human stomach tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The membrane protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the isolated stomach tissue membrane protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The isolated stomach tissue membrane protein is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody to confirm there is no signal or very weak signal.
Description: Human stomach: Cardia tissue membrane protein lysate was prepared by isolating the membrane protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. The human stomach: Cardia tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The membrane protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the isolated stomach: Cardia tissue membrane protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The isolated stomach: Cardia tissue membrane protein is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody to confirm there is no signal or very weak signal.
Description: Human stomach: corpus tissue cytoplasmic protein lysate was prepared by isolating the cytoplasmic protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. The human stomach: corpus tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The cytoplasmic protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, glycerol, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the isolated stomach: corpus tissue cytoplasmic protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The isolated stomach: corpus tissue cytoplasmic protein is then Western analyzed by GAPDH antibody, and the expression level is consistent with each lot.
Description: Human stomach: corpus tissue membrane protein lysate was prepared by isolating the membrane protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. The human stomach: corpus tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The membrane protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the isolated stomach: corpus tissue membrane protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The isolated stomach: corpus tissue membrane protein is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody to confirm there is no signal or very weak signal.
Description: Human stomach: fundus tissue membrane protein lysate was prepared by isolating the membrane protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. The human stomach: fundus tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The membrane protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the isolated stomach: fundus tissue membrane protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The isolated stomach: fundus tissue membrane protein is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody to confirm there is no signal or very weak signal.
Description: Human stomach: Pylorus tissue membrane protein lysate was prepared by isolating the membrane protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. The human stomach: Pylorus tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70°C. The membrane protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. For quality control purposes, the isolated stomach: Pylorus tissue membrane protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. The isolated stomach: Pylorus tissue membrane protein is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody to confirm there is no signal or very weak signal.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Mouse Stomach PrimaCell: Normal Stomach Mucosa Epithelial Cells Growth Supplements with Serum (for 500 ml medium)
Description: Stomach tissue lysate (0 Day Old) was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 50 mM DTT.
Description: Stomach tissue lysate (14 Day Old) was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 50 mM DTT.
Description: Stomach tissue lysate (7 Day Old) was prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholic acid, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 5 μg/ml of aprotinin, 5 μg/ml of leupeptin. Tissue and cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. The product was boiled for 5 min in 1 x SDS sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 12.5% glycerol, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.01% bromophenol blue) containing 50 mM DTT.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation.
Epithelial Dissociation System 10 (Stomach epithelial), Mouse and Rat
Description: The Matched Pair Paraffin Tissue (MPPT) slides are designed for identifying tumor-specific/metastasis genes or proteins. Slices from normal and malignant tissues are mounted on each MPPT slide which can then be treated as a single histological slide for H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, or in situ hybridization. This format allows a rapid analysis of protein expression and localization across normal and cancerous tissue.
Description: The Multiple Species Tissue Array (MSTA) slides were designed to study protein expression patterns in different cells and tissues from multiple species. Tissue slices from three different species are mounted on each MSTA slide which can then be treated as a single histological slide for H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, or in situ hybridization. This format allows a rapid analysis of protein expression and localization across different species. MSTA slides can also be used to quickly determine the species reactivity of a given antibody.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Description: Our tissue products are produced by strictly following the IRB ethical standards and procedures and from highest quality tissues. Immediately after collection the tissues are placed in liquid nitrogen and examined by certified pathologists. The thickness of each individual section is ~5um. They are Hematoxylin and Eosin stained and quality tested by immunostaining with anti-beta-actin antibodies. Our tissue products are suitable for various studies on cellular level (RNA localization, Protein expression, etc.) on both normal and pathological cases. It is also an excellent control and educational tool.
Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes.
Collectively, the results suggest that miR-127-5p may attenuate severe pneumonia by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines LPS-induced, and disable the AKT and NF-kB signaling pathway by targeting TRAF1.
Douglas
